ABSTRACT: 

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) a genus classified within the family “Zingiberaceae”. This family is known because of its high content of dietary and biochemical components, especially the impacts against diabetes mellitus and inflammation. Ginger, perform the antihyperglycemic activity by causing restoration for β-cells in pancreas, providing protection for the morphology of β-cells, amelioration of the pathological injuries of kidneys, control of the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, regulation of hepatic gene expression of enzymes associated with glucose metabolism, inhibition oxygen free radicles caused during glucose metabolism, translocation of GLUT4, inhibition of liver glucose production, stimulation of pancreatic insulin release, inhibition of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, high production of hepatic glycogen through the improvement of glycogen synthesis in the liver, and decreasing insulin resistance, and peripheral consumption of blood sugar as well as its antioxidant activity. This review cast a brief light on the active ingredients and the activity of cinnamon in the reduction of high blood glucose
 

REFERENCES :

1) Abdulrazaq, N. B., Cho, M. M., Win, N. N., Zaman, R., & Rahman, M. T. (2012). Beneficial effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The British journal of nutrition, 108(7), 1194–1201. 

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511006635
2) Aderonke Otunola, G., & Jide Afolayan, A. (2020). A Review of the Antidiabetic Activities of Ginger. IntechOpen. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.88899
3) Al-Noory, A. S., Amreen, A. N., & Hymoor, S. (2013). Antihyperlipidemic effects of ginger extracts in alloxan-induced diabetes and propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in (rats). Pharmacognosy research, 5(3), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.112419
4) Al-Saigh M. N.R. and Dakheel M. M. (2012). The effect of using Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or parsley seeds (petroselinum sativum) on some of physiologically traits of black. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 36(0A), 142-150. 

https://doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v36i0A.367
5) Anfenan MLK. (2014) Evaluation of nutritional and antidiabetic activity of different forms of ginger in rats. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research.;21:56-62
6) Anh, N. H., Kim, S. J., Long, N. P., Min, J. E., Yoon, Y. C., Lee, E. G., Kim, M., Kim, T. J., Yang, Y. Y., Son, E. Y., Yoon, S. J., Diem, N. C., Kim, H. M., & Kwon, S. W. (2020). Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 12(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010157
7) Attyah A. M. and Ismail S. J. (2012) Protective Effect of Ginger Extract Against Cisplatin-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Cardiotoxicity in Rats. Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.21(1): 27-33
8) Bhandari, U., Kanojia, R., & Pillai, K. K. (2005). Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 97(2), 227–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.011
9) Bordia, A., Verma, S. K., & Srivastava, K. C. (1997). Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids, 56(5), 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0952-3278(97)90587-1
10) Chen, C. X., Barrett, B., & Kwekkeboom, K. L. (2016). Efficacy of Oral Ginger (Zingiber officinale) for Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2016, 6295737. 

https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6295737
11) Imani, H., Tabibi, H., Najafi, I., Atabak, S., Hedayati, M., & Rahmani, L. (2015). Effects of ginger on serum glucose, advanced glycation end products, and inflammation in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 31(5), 703–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.020
12) Iranloye, B. O., Arikawe, A. P., Rotimi, G., & Sogbade, A. O. (2011). Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant effects of Zingiber officinale on alloxan-induced and insulin-resistant diabetic male rats. Nigerian journal of physiological sciences : official publication of the Physiological Society of Nigeria, 26(1), 89–96.
13) Jafri S.A., Abass S., Qasim M. (2010) Pakistan Veterinary Journal Hypoglycemic Effect of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats (Rattus Norvagicus) Pak. Vet. J.;31:160–162.
14) Lamuchi-Deli, N., Aberomand, M., Babaahmadi-Rezaei, H., & Mohammadzadeh, G. (2017). Effects of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Zingiber officinale on Arginase I Activity and Expression in the Retina of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 15(2), e42161. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.42161
15) Modi M. and Modi K. (2022) Ginger Root. [Updated 2022 Nov 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565886/
16) Rahmani, A. H., Shabrmi, F. M., & Aly, S. M. (2014). Active ingredients of ginger as potential candidates in the prevention and treatment of diseases via modulation of biological activities. International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology, 6(2), 125–136.
17) Samad, M. B., Mohsin, M. N. A. B., Razu, B. A., Hossain, M. T., Mahzabeen, S., Unnoor, N., Muna, I. A., Akhter, F., Kabir, A. U., & Hannan, J. M. A. (2017). [6]-Gingerol, from Zingiber officinale, potentiates GLP-1 mediated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion pathway in pancreatic β-cells and increases RAB8/RAB10-regulated membrane presentation of GLUT4 transporters in skeletal muscle to improve hyperglycemia in Leprdb/db type 2 diabetic mice. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 17(1), 395. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1903-0
18) Sattar NA, Hussain F, Iqbal T, Sheikh MA. (2012) Determination of in vitro antidiabetic effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.;48(4):601-607 
19) Zhu, J., Chen, H., Song, Z., Wang, X., & Sun, Z. (2018). Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM, 2018, 5692962. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5692962