Impact of Oral Hygiene Practices on Antibiotic-Resistant to Oral Bacteria in Students

  • Home
  • Impact of Oral Hygiene Practices on Antibiotic-Resistant to Oral Bacteria in Students

Impact of Oral Hygiene Practices on Antibiotic-Resistant to Oral Bacteria in Students

1 Ahmed D. Alturki,2 Dr Ahmed Nassir Faisal
1 Department of medical laboratories techniques, Imam Ja’afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002; Iraq. 
2 Department of pathological analysis, college of science, university of Thi-qar, Iraq


ABSTRACT: 

This study aims to reveal the effects of daily oral hygiene practices on the prevalence of ‎oral antibiotic-resistant bacteria among dental hygiene students. ‎ Methods. Obtain different data analysis from different sources of Oral Hygiene Practices on Antibiotic-‎Resistant to Oral Bacteria in Students, perform antibiotic susceptibility testing to determine the resistance patterns of the detected oral bacteria. Administer a survey to gather information on students’ oral hygiene practices. Analyze the collected data using appropriate statistical techniques. Results. Many organisms of the normal oral microbiota contribute to oral health, including key ‎components of the oral microbiota such as streptococci. ‎ The mucous membranes that line the oral cavity contain more than 700 bacterial complexes, estimated at 10^11-10^12 CFU/mL, which are the reservoir for pathogenic bacteria. Oral bacterial flora may play a substantial role in the development of systemic diseases with a low percentage and low counts (owners of strains 36 and 160 MDR, as well as CR strains), or no potential at all. In practice, the individualization of antibacterial therapy is complicated by a lack of objective criteria to assess the resistance of oral cavity bacteria to antibiotics. Conclusions. The data analysis demonstrates a significant association between oral ‎hygiene practices and the presence of antibiotic-resistant oral bacteria. This study has ‎important implications for students suffering from oral diseases (such as dental caries) ‎and practicing poor hygiene (such as not brushing and flossing regularly). It also has ‎implications for global-scale impact, contributing to the growing concern of antibiotic ‎resistance worldwide.


KEYWORDS:

Antibiotic-Resistant, Oral Hygiene, Bacteria, mouthwash and Biofilm.


REFERENCES :

1) Eley CV, Weston-Price S, Young VL, Hoekstra B, Gadhia T, Muirhead V, Robinson L, Pine C, McNulty CA. Using oral hygiene education in schools to tackle child tooth decay: a mixed methods study with children and teachers in England. Journal of Biological Education. 2020 Aug 7;54(4):381-95. tandfonline.com
2) Tadin A, Poljak Guberina R, Domazet J, Gavic L. Oral hygiene practices and oral health knowledge among students in Split, Croatia. Healthcare. 2022. mdpi.com
3) Al-Qahtani SM, Razak PA, Khan SD. Knowledge and practice of preventive measures for oral health care among male intermediate schoolchildren in Abha, Saudi Arabia. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Feb;17(3):703. mdpi.com
4) Ray RR. Periodontitis: an oral disease with severe consequences. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology. 2023. [HTML]
5) Thomas C, Minty M, Vinel A, Canceill T, Loubieres P, Burcelin R, Kaddech M, Blasco-Baque V, Laurencin-Dalicieux S. Oral microbiota: A major player in the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Diagnostics. 2021 Jul 30;11(8):1376. mdpi.com
6) Peng X, Cheng L, You Y, Tang C, Ren B, Li Y, Xu X, Zhou X. Oral microbiota in human systematic diseases. International journal of oral science. 2022 Dec;14(1):14. nature.com
7) Meinen A, Reuss A, Willrich N, Feig M, Noll I, Eckmanns T, Al-Nawas B, Markwart R. Antimicrobial resistance and the spectrum of pathogens in dental and oral-maxillofacial infections in hospitals and dental practices in Germany. Frontiers in microbiology. 2021 Jun 2; 12:676108. frontiersin.org
8) Bessa LJ, Botelho J, Machado V, Alves R, Mendes JJ. Managing oral health in the context of antimicrobial resistance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Dec 8;19(24):16448. mdpi.com
9) Buonavoglia A, Leone P, Solimando AG, Fasano R, Malerba E, Prete M, Corrente M, Prati C, Vacca A, Racanelli V. Antibiotics or no antibiotics, that is the question: an update on efficient and effective use of antibiotics in dental practice. Antibiotics. 2021 May 9;10(5):550. mdpi.com
10) Campos J, Pires MF, Sousa M, Campos C, da Costa CF, Sampaio-Maia B. Unveiling the relevance of the oral cavity as a Staphylococcus aureus colonization site and potential source of antimicrobial resistance. Pathogens. 2023 May 26;12(6):765. mdpi.com
11) Zaatout N. Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity. Archives of microbiology. 2021. springer.com
12) Kitamoto S, Nagao-Kitamoto H, Hein R, Schmidt TM, Kamada N. The bacterial connection between the oral cavity and the gut diseases. Journal of dental research. 2020 Aug;99(9):1021-9. nih.gov
13) Elshennawy SM. In-Vitro Characterization of the Effects of a Developing Oral Probiotic Against Dental Caries in Orthodontic Patients (Streptococcus salivarius LAB813, a Probiotic …. 2023. utoronto.ca
14) AlNaser M, AlAteeqi D, Daboul D, Qudeimat Z, Karched M, Qudeimat MA. Hygiene practices and antibiotic resistance among dental and medical students: a comparative study. Infection. 2024 Mar 22:1-1. [HTML]
15) Malode P. A Survey on Knowledge and Attitude Towards Development of Antibiotic Resistance Among Dental Students-A Questionnaire Study. JIDA: Journal of Indian Dental Association. 2023. [HTML]
16) Veses V, del Mar Jovani-Sancho M, González-Martínez R, Cortell-Ballester I, Sheth CC. Raising awareness about microbial antibiotic resistance in undergraduate dental students: a research-based strategy for teaching non-laboratory elements of a microbiology curriculum. BMC Medical Education. 2020 Dec; 20:1-9. springer.com
17) Sivapathasundharam B, Gururaj N. Bacterial infections of oral cavity. Shafer’s textbook of Oral Pathology. 2020 Jun 23:309-26. [HTML]
18) Baty JJ, Stoner SN, Scoffield JA. Oral commensal streptococci: gatekeepers of the oral cavity. Journal of Bacteriology. 2022. asm.org
19) Almeida VD, Azevedo J, Leal HF, Queiroz AT, da Silva Filho HP, Reis JN. Bacterial diversity and prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the oral microbiome. PLoS One. 2020 Sep 29;15(9): e0239664. plos.org
20) Mochalov I, Kryvtsova M, Chobey A, Kulynych M. Identification of Pathogenic Microflora and Its Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Cases of the Odontogenic Purulent Periostitis and Abscesses in the Oral Cavity. Prague Medical Report. 2023 Feb 10;124(1):16-32. karolinum.cz
21) Donkor ES, Kotey FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the oral cavity: implications for antibiotic prophylaxis and surveillance. Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment. 2020 Dec; 13:1178633720976581. sagepub.com
22) Brooks L, Narvekar U, McDonald A, Mullany P. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the oral cavity and mobile genetic elements that disseminate antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review. Molecular Oral Microbiology. 2022 Aug;37(4):133-53. wiley.com
23) Zafar J. Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes in the Human Oral Cavity. 2023. qau.edu.pk
24) Bedoya‐Correa CM, Rincón‐Rodríguez RJ, Parada‐Sanchez MT. Acidogenic and aciduric properties of Streptococcus mutans serotype c according to its genomic variability. European journal of oral sciences. 2021 Dec;129(6): e12824. [HTML]
25) Hasan S, Siddique N, Alisa AJ. … of the multi-drug-resistant genes in the bacteria isolated from the saliva of smoker oral cancer patients and comparative analysis with smoker normal individuals. 2023. bracu.ac.bd
26) Bhardwaj SB, Mehta M, Sood S, Sharma J. Isolation of a novel phage and targeting biofilms of drug-resistant oral enterococci. Journal of global infectious diseases. 2020 Jan 1;12(1):11-5. lww.com
27) Londero AB, Reiniger AP, Tavares RC, Ferreira CM, Wikesjö UM, Kantorski KZ, Moreira CH. Efficacy of dental floss in the management of gingival health: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2022 Aug;26(8):5273-80. researchgate.net
28) Helbig R, Hannig C, Basche S, Ortgies J, Hannig M, Sterzenbach T. Biphasic Textures Reducing Bacterial Surface Colonization in the Human Oral Cavity. Advanced NanoBiomed Research. 2023 Jul;3(7):2300031. wiley.com
29) Procópio SW, Ribeiro AD, Miyahira KM, Sarmento EB, Portela MB, de GF, Castro A. Is the Oral Cavity of Intensive Care Unit Pediatric Patients More Susceptible to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection? Microbial Drug Resistance. 2022 Jul 1;28(7):787-94. [HTML]
30) Lockhart PB, Chu V, Zhao J, Gohs F, Thornhill MH, Pihlstrom B, Mougeot FB, Rose GA, Sun YP, Napenas J, Munz S. Oral hygiene and infective endocarditis: a case control study. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology. 2023 Sep 1;136(3):333-42. whiterose.ac.uk
31) Mao X, Auer DL, Buchalla W, Hiller KA, Maisch T, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Cieplik F. Cetylpyridinium chloride: mechanism of action, antimicrobial efficacy in biofilms, and potential risks of resistance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2020 Jul 22;64(8):10-128. asm.org
32) Brookes Z, Teoh L, Cieplik F, Kumar P. Mouthwash effects on the oral microbiome: are they good, bad, or balanced? international dental journal. 2023. sciencedirect.com
33) Cooper L, Sneddon J, Thompson W, Guise T, Robertson D, Smith A. Tackling antimicrobial resistance in practice: dental students’ evaluation of university teaching supplemented by an online course. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance. 2022 Apr 1;4(2): dlac039. oup.com
34) Contaldo M, D’Ambrosio F, Ferraro GA, Di Stasio D, Di Palo MP, Serpico R, Simeone M. Antibiotics in dentistry: A narrative review of the evidence beyond the myth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023 Jun 1;20(11):6025. mdpi.com
35) Belibasakis GN, Lund BK, Krüger Weiner C, Johannsen B, Baumgartner D, Manoil D, Hultin M, Mitsakakis K. Healthcare challenges and future solutions in dental practice: assessing oral antibiotic resistances by contemporary point-of-care approaches. Antibiotics. 2020 Nov 14;9(11):810. mdpi.com
36) Ngwu JN, Uzoeto HO, Emaimo J, Okorie C, Mohammed ID, Edemekong CI, Peter IU, Ezeh C, Chukwu E, Adimora EE, Ani SE. Antibiogram of biofilm forming oral streptococci species isolated from dental caries patients visiting federal college of dental technology and therapy, Enugu Nigeria. Int J Res Rep Dent. 2022;5(1):12-25. researchgate.net
37) Hossain A, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Nagano I, Masunaga S, Kitazawa D, Matsuda H. Antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and resistance genes in aquaculture: risks, current concern, and future thinking. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2022 Feb 1:1-22. researchgate.net
38) Poursalehi R, Najimi A, Tahani B. Effect of sense of coherence on oral health behavior and status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2021 Jan 1;10(1). lww.com
39) Khalid T, Mahdi SS, Khawaja M, Allana R, Amenta F. Relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and oral hygiene indicators in private and public schools in Karachi: An observational study. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Dec;17(23):8893. mdpi.com
40) Alsayed AR, El Hajji FD, Al-Najjar MA, Abazid H, Al-Dulaimi A. Patterns of antibiotic use, knowledge, and perceptions among different population categories: A comprehensive study based in Arabic countries. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2022 Mar 1;30(3):317-28. sciencedirect.com
41) Sukumar S, Wang F, Simpson CA, Willet CE, Chew T, Hughes TE, Bockmann MR, Sadsad R, Martin FE, Lydecker HW, Browne GV. Development of the oral resistome during the first decade of life. Nature Communications. 2023 Mar 9;14(1):1291. nature.com
42) Makvandi P, Josic U, Delfi M, Pinelli F, Jahed V, Kaya E, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarepour A, Rossi F, Zarrabi A, Agarwal T. Drug delivery (nano) platforms for oral and dental applications: tissue regeneration, infection control, and cancer management. Advanced Science. 2021 Apr;8(8):2004014. wiley.com
43) Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Chakravarthi S, Aaleem AA, Jafarullah SM, Fuloria NK. Dental Infections and Antimicrobials. Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research. 2021;10(4):1-5. academia.edu
44) Furugaito M, Arai Y, Uzawa Y, Kamisako T, Ogura K, Okamoto S, Kikuchi K. Antimicrobial Susceptibility to 27 Drugs and the Molecular Mechanisms of Macrolide, Tetracycline, and Quinolone Resistance in Gemella sp. Antibiotics. 2023 Oct 14;12(10):1538. mdpi.com

  • Share

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *