ABSTRACT:
Hyaluronic acid fillers are one of the most frequently used in cosmetic procedures. They are popular because of their ability to restore volume to the face, which surgery isn’t capable of. Inside the skin, the implant is subjected to various mechanical forces that vary according to the anatomical area. Every filler has specific rheological properties which change the way it performs in the clinical environment. A sound understanding of how the anatomy of the face works, alongside the rheological properties of the filler, is vital for successful outcomes in facial rejuvenation procedures.
REFERENCES :
1) Brandt FS, Cazzaniga A. Hyaluronic acid gel fillers in the management of facial aging. Clin Interv Aging. 2008;3(1):153-9. doi: 10.2147/cia.s2135. PMID: 18488885; PMCID: PMC2544360.
2) de Maio M. The minimal approach: an innovation in facial cosmetic procedures. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2004 SepOct;28(5):295-300. doi: 10.1007/s00266-004-0037-1. Epub 2004 Nov 4. PMID: 15529203.
3) Little JW. Volumetric perceptions in midfacial aging with altered priorities for rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000 Jan;105(1):252-66; discussion 286-9. doi: 10.1097/00006534-200001000-00043. PMID: 10626998.
4) Cockerham K, Hsu VJ. Collagen-based dermal fillers: past, present, future. Facial Plast Surg. 2009 May;25(2):106-13. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1220650. Epub 2009 May 4. PMID: 19415578.
5) Lupo MP. Hyaluronic acid fillers in facial rejuvenation. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2006 Sep;25(3):122-6. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2006.06.011. PMID: 17055390.)
6) Matarasso SL, Carruthers JD, Jewell ML; Restylane Consensus Group. Consensus recommendations for soft-tissue augmentation with nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid (Restylane). Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006 Mar;117(3 Suppl):3S-34S. doi: 10.1097/01.prs.0000204759.76865.39. PMID: 16531934.
7) Michaud T. Rheology of hyaluronic acid and dynamic facial rejuvenation: Topographical specificities. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018 Oct;17(5):736-743. doi: 10.1111/jocd.12774. PMID: 30311427.
8) Simoni RD, Hill RL, Vaughan M, et al. JBC Centennial. The discovery of hyaluronan by Karl Meyer. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277:61–2
9) Coleman SR, Grover R. The anatomy of the aging face: volume loss and changes in 3-dimensional topography. Aesthet Surg J. 2006 Jan-Feb;26(1S):S4-9. doi: 10.1016/j.asj.2005.09.012. PMID: 19338976.
10) Tezel A, Fredrickson GH. The science of hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2008 Mar;10(1):35-42. doi: 10.1080/14764170701774901. Erratum in: J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2014 Jan;16(1):45. PMID: 18330796.
11) Wilson DI. What is rheology? Eye (Lond). 2018 Feb;32(2):179-183. doi: 10.1038/eye.2017.267. Epub 2017 Dec 22. PMID: 29271417; PMCID: PMC5811736.
12) de la Guardia C, Virno A, Musumeci M, Bernardin A, Silberberg MB. Rheologic and Physicochemical Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Overview and Relationship to Product Performance. Facial Plast Surg. 2022 Apr;38(2):116-123. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1741560. Epub 2022 Feb 3. PMID: 35114708; PMCID: PMC9188840.
13) Duranti F, Salti G, Bovani B, Calandra M, Rosati ML. Injectable hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation. A clinical and histological study. Dermatol Surg. 1998 Dec;24(12):1317-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725. 1998.tb00007.x. PMID: 9865196.
14) Hirsch RJ, Lupo M, Cohen JL, Duffy D. Delayed presentation of impending necrosis following soft tissue augmentation with hyaluronic acid and successful management with hyaluronidase. J Drugs Dermatol. 2007 Mar;6(3):325-8. PMID: 17373195