ABSTRACT:

The researchers have increasingly used propolis in recent alternative medicine studies, focusing on its biochemical structure, in addition to its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral activities. The structure of biochemical components in propolis differs based on the species of the bees, country, plant source, and ecological factors. Commonly, propolis include organic compounds, pollen, essential oils, beeswax, and lipid. The organic components include aromatic acids, amino acids, steroids, coumarins, terpenoids, terpenes, polyphenols, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Clinical trial evidences point out that propolis and its compounds have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Studies have investigated the mode of action against pathogenic microbes. studies have exhibited that propolis may exert synergistic effect with antimicrobials, allowing the intake of minimal doses of antimicrobials and maximal activity against pathogenic microbes. This review highlights the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of propolis, focusing on mode of action and clinical uses.

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