1Hyder Osman Mirghani, 2Salwa Fares Ahmed
1Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Endocrine, Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, KSA
2Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine University of Taluk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT:
Acute coronary syndrome is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and prediabetes is among the leading risk factors. The study aimed to review the effects of prediabetes on acute coronary syndrome outcomes. A systematic literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant articles published in English language during the period from 2009-August 2020. The keyword prediabetes, acute coronary syndrome, outcomes, revascularization, cardiovascular outcomes, and heart failure were used. Among the thirty-six articles retrieved, twenty-six full text were eligible. The author’s name, country, year of publication, type of study and conclusion were recorded. Out of the manuscripts reviewed, seven were from Asia; seven were from Europe and the USA each, three from South America, and one from Australia. The studies were prospective cohort (13), 6 were cross-sectional, while seven were retrospective. The studies enrolled 360033 patients, the results were mixed with some studies showed the negative effects of PD on acute coronary syndrome outcomes, while other showed no effects. The studies showed conflicting effects regarding the effects of prediabetes on acute coronary syndrome outcomes.
KEYWORDS:
Prediabetes, acute coronary syndrome, outcomes, major cardiovascular adverse events
REFERENCES:
1. Khetan AK, Rajagopalan S. Prediabetes. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(5):615‐623. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.030
2. Sanchis-Gomar F, Perez-Quilis C, Leischik R, Lucia A. Epidemiology of coronary heart disease and acute coronary
syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(13):256. doi:10.21037/atm.2016.06.33
3. Chen Z, Wu S, Huang J, Yuan J, Chen H, Chen Y. Metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular risk in a population with
prediabetes: A prospective study in a cohort of Chinese adults. J Diabetes Investig. 2019 May;10(3):673-679. doi:
10.1111/jdi.12958. Epub 2018 Nov 7.
4. Donahue RP, Dorn JM, Stranges S, Swanson M, Hovey K, Trevisan M. Impaired fasting glucose and recurrent
cardiovascular disease among survivors of a first acute myocardial infarction: evidence of a sex difference? The Western
Prediabetes Effects on Acute Coronary Syndrome Outcomes: A Review
IJHMR, Volume 1 Issue 1 April 2022 www.ijhmr.com Page 34
New York experience. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011 Jul;21(7):504-11. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.11.012. Epub 2010
Mar 15.
5. Hammer Y, Iakobishvili Z, Hasdai D, et al. Guideline-Recommended Therapies and Clinical Outcomes According to the
Risk for Recurrent Cardiovascular Events After an Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(18):e009885.
doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009885
6. Russo N, Compostella L, Fadini G, Setzu T, Iliceto S, Bellotto F et al. Prediabetes influences cardiac rehabilitation in
coronary artery disease patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012 Jun;19(3):382-8. doi: 10.1177/1741826711404503. Epub 2011
Mar 22.
7. Intzilakis T, Mouridsen MR, Almdal TP, Haugaard SB, Sajadieh A. Impaired fasting glucose in combination with
silent myocardial ischaemia is associated with poor prognosis in healthy individuals. Diabet Med. 2012 Aug;29(8):e163-
9. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03639.x.
8. Deedwania P, Patel K, Fonarow GC, Desai RV, Zhang Y, Feller MA, Ovalle F et al. Prediabetes is not an independent risk
factor for incident heart failure, other cardiovascular events or mortality in older adults: findings from a population-based
cohort study. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 9;168(4):3616-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.038. Epub 2013 May 31.
9. Giraldez RR, Clare RM, Lopes RD, Dalby AJ, Prabhakaran D, Brogan GX Jr et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of
undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and prediabetes among patients with high-risk non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary
syndrome. Am Heart J. 2013 Jun;165(6):918-925.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.01.005. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
10. Tian L, Zhu J, Liu L, Liang Y, Li J, Yang Y. Prediabetes and short-term outcomes in nondiabetic patients after acute STelevation myocardial infarction. Cardiology. 2014;127(1):55-61. doi: 10.1159/000354998. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
11. Arnold SV, Lipska KJ, Li Y, McGuire DK, Goyal A, Spertus JA et al. Prevalence of glucose abnormalities among patients
presenting with an acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2014 Oct;168(4):466-470.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.06.023.
Epub 2014 Jul 11.
12. Selvin E, Lazo M, Chen Y, Shen L, Rubin J, McEvoy JW et al. Diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and incidence
of subclinical myocardial damage. Circulation. 2014 Oct 14;130(16):1374-82.
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010815. Epub 2014 Aug 22
13. Stacey RB, Leaverton PE, Schocken DD, Peregoy JA, Bertoni AG. Prediabetes and the association with
unrecognized myocardial infarction in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 2015 Nov;170(5):923-8. doi:
10.1016/j.ahj.2015.08.003. Epub 2015 Aug 8.
14. Jiménez-Navarro MF, Fernández-Pastor J, Garrido-Sánchez L, Molina-Mora MJ, Ortiz-García C, Alonso-Briales JH et al.
Newly impaired glucose metabolism and prognosis after percutaneous revascularization. Cardiol J. 2015;22(1):44-51. doi:
10.5603/CJ.a2014.0024. Epub 2014 Mar 27.
15. Shin D, Ahn J, Cha KS, Park JS, Oh JH, Lee HW, Hong JY, Kim BW, Hong TJ; Korea Working Group on Myocardial
Infarction Investigators. Impact of initial glycosylated hemoglobin level on cardiovascular outcomes in prediabetic patients
with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Coron Artery
Dis. 2016 Jan;27(1):40-6. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000305.
16. Cueva-Recalde JF, Ruiz-Arroyo JR, Roncalés García-Blanco F. Prediabetes and coronary artery disease: Outcome after
revascularization procedures. Endocrinol Nutr. 2016 Mar;63(3):106-12. doi: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.11.007. Epub 2016
Jan 28.
17. Khan I, Siddiqui AH, Singhal S, Aslam M, Perwez A, Faraz A. Glycaemic status in patients of acute myocardial infarction:
A detailed analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016 Jan-Mar;10(1 Suppl 1):S140-3. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.09.026. Epub
2015 Nov 12.
18. Gomez-Arbelaez D, Sánchez-Vallejo G, Perez M, Garcia RG, Arguello JF, Peñaherrera E et al. Fundación Oftalmológica
de Santander-FOSCAL, Floridablanca, Colombia; Instituto de Investiga[Hyperglycaemia is associated with worse
outcomes in Latin-American individuals with acute myocardial infarction]. Clin Investig Arterioscler. 2016 JanFeb;28(1):9-18. doi: 10.1016/j.arteri.2015.09.003. Epub 2015 Nov 18. [Article in Spanish]
19. Wang A, Sun Y, Liu X, Su Z, Li J, Luo Y et al. Changes in proteinuria and the risk of myocardial infarction in people with
diabetes or pre-diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017 Aug 15;16(1):104. doi: 10.1186/s12933-
017-0586-7.
20. Chia DB, Wong LY, Liu DYK, Toh MPHS. Predictive factors of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, Acute Myocardial
Infarction and stroke in a cohort with Impaired Fasting Glucose in Singapore. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 Oct;132:59-
67. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.018. Epub 2017 Jul 20.
21. Bamberg F, Hetterich H, Rospleszcz S, Lorbeer R, Auweter SD, Schlett CL et al. Subclinical Disease Burden as Assessed
by Whole-Body MRI in Subjects With Prediabetes, Subjects With Diabetes, and Normal Control Subjects From the
General Population: The KORA-MRI Study. Diabetes. 2017 Jan;66(1):158-169. doi: 10.2337/db16-0630. Epub 2016 Oct
10.
Prediabetes Effects on Acute Coronary Syndrome Outcomes: A Review
IJHMR, Volume 1 Issue 1 April 2022 www.ijhmr.com Page 35
22. Khosravi A, Gharipour M, Nezafati P, Khosravi Z, Sadeghi M, Khaledifar A et al. Pre-hypertension, pre-diabetes or both:
which is best at predicting cardiovascular events in the long term? J Hum Hypertens. 2017 Jun;31(6):382-387. doi:
10.1038/jhh.2016.42. Epub 2016 Jun 23.
23. Kok MM, von Birgelen C, Sattar N, Zocca P, Löwik MM, Danse PWP et al. Prediabetes and its impact on clinical outcome
after coronary intervention in a broad patient population. EuroIntervention. 2018 Oct 12;14(9):e1049-e1056. doi:
10.4244/EIJ-D-17-01067.
24. Rospleszcz S, Schafnitzel A, Koenig W, Lorbeer R, Auweter S, Huth C et al. Association of glycemic status and segmental
left ventricular wall thickness in subjects without prior cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc
Disord. 2018 Aug 9;18(1):162. doi: 10.1186/s12872-018-0900-7
25. Garcia-Carretero R, Vigil-Medina L, Mora-Jimenez I, Soguero-Ruiz C, Goya-Esteban R, Ramos-Lopez J et al.
Cardiovascular risk assessment in prediabetic patients in a hypertensive population: The role of cystatin C. Diabetes Metab
Syndr. 2018 Sep;12(5):625-629. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.04.001. Epub 2018 Apr 10.
26. Lee G, Kim SM, Choi S, Kim K, Jeong SM, Son JS et al. The effect of change in fasting glucose on the risk of myocardial
infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a nationwide cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018 Apr 7;17(1):51. doi:
10.1186/s12933-018-0694-z.
27. Patscheider H, Lorbeer R, Auweter S, Schafnitzel A, Bayerl C, Curta A et al. Subclinical changes in MRI-determined right
ventricular volumes and function in subjects with prediabetes and diabetes. Eur Radiol. 2018 Jul;28(7):3105-3113. doi:
10.1007/s00330-017-5185-1. Epub 2018 Feb 8
28. Ali MK, Bullard KM, Saydah S, Imperatore G, Gregg EW. Cardiovascular and renal burdens of prediabetes in the USA:
analysis of data from serial cross-sectional surveys, 1988-2014. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 May;6(5):392-403. doi:
10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30027-5. Epub 2018 Feb 27.
29. Mahendran DC, Hamilton G, Weiss J, Churilov L, Lew J, Khoo K et al. Prevalence of pre-existing dysglycaemia among
inpatients with acute coronary syndrome and associations with outcomes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Aug;154:130-137.
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.07.002. Epub 2019 Jul 4
30. Stacey RB, Zgibor J, Leaverton PE, Schocken DD, Peregoy JA et al. Abnormal Fasting Glucose Increases Risk of
Unrecognized Myocardial Infarctions in an Elderly Cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Jan;67(1):43-49. doi:
10.1111/jgs.15604. Epub 2018 Oct 9.
