ABSTRACT

Urinalysis remains a cornerstone diagnostic tool providing rapid, cost-effective insights into renal, metabolic, and infectious diseases, especially in resource-limited settings. This manuscript integrates clinical, public health, and One Health perspectives to reposition urinalysis and urine Microscopy as a very strategic diagnostic pillar that can improve and strengthen the primary healthcare science and point of care (POC) services and in effect strengthening the livelihood of humanity particularly for people in low and medium income countries (LMIC).
 

KEYWORDS

Urinalysis; Urine Microscopy; One Health; Nigeria; Diagnostic Medicine; Public Health; Antimicrobial Stewardship, POC, LMIC
   

REFERENCES

1) CHEESBROUGH, M. (2018). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Cambridge University Press.
2) WHO. (2023). Global Diagnostic Guidelines.
3) CDC. (2024). Urinalysis Interpretation Guidelines.
4) FOGAZZI, G. B. (2019). Urinary Sediment Analysis.
5) OKEKE, I. N., ET AL. (2020). Antimicrobial Resistance in Africa. Lancet Infect Dis.
6) SMITH, A., ET AL. (2024). AI-Based Urine Diagnostics.
7) PETTI, C. A., ET AL. (2021). Diagnostics in Resource-Limited Settings.
8) UNEP. (2022). Environmental Health Report.
9) GBD COLLABORATORS. (2021). Global Burden of CKD.
10) JOHNSON, R. J., ET AL. (2022). Pathophysiology of Kidney Disease.
11) ELEMUWA, C. O. (2026). Anthropogenic Drivers of Microbe–Host Dynamics.
12) ZHANG, Y., ET AL. (2025). Microbial Ecosystems and Human Health.
13) DER, P., ET AL. (2025). Urinary Biomarkers for Early Renal Injury.
14) ULLAH, R., ET AL. (2025). One Health Approach in LMICs.
15) LOPEZ, F., ET AL. (2024). Advances in Urinary Microbiome Analysis.
16) MARTIN, P., ET AL. (2024). Automated Urine Analyzers: Accuracy and Performance.
17) KUMAR, S., ET AL. (2023). Urinalysis as a Surveillance Tool in Endemic Regions.
18) NGOZI, C., ET AL. (2023). Diagnostic Utilization in African Clinical Labs.
19) REYES, L., ET AL. (2022). Clinical Significance of Urinary Casts.
20) RAMOS, H., ET AL. (2022). Urine Microscopy Training in Resource-Limited Settings.
21) CHEN, M., ET AL. (2021). Digital Microscopy in Clinical Diagnosis.
22) PATEL, V., ET AL. (2021). Microscopic Urine Sediment Assessment.
23) LIN, J., ET AL. (2020). Urinary Markers in Metabolic Disease.
24) WANG, Q., ET AL. (2020). Urine as a Liquid Biopsy.
25) ALMEIDA, R., ET AL. (2019). Urinalysis in Public Health Surveillance.
26) SANTOS, T., ET AL. (2019). Integration of Urinalysis in One Health.
27) FOSTER, D., ET AL. (2018). Urine Chemical Analysis Methods.
28) LO, K., ET AL. (2018). Advances in Urinary Crystal Detection.
29) NGUYEN, P., ET AL. (2017). Urine Microbial Ecology.
30) PATEL, A., ET AL. (2017). Urinary Diagnostics in Endemic Zones.
31) SMITHSON, J., ET AL. (2016). Automated vs Manual Urinalysis.
32) ANDERSON, K., ET AL. (2016). Urine Sediment in Renal Disease.
33) LEE, S., ET AL. (2015). Urinalysis as a Screening Tool.
34) MORGAN, H., ET AL. (2015). Improving Laboratory Diagnostic Quality.
35) RODRIGUEZ, F., ET AL. (2014). Urinary Biomarkers in Infection Monitoring.
36) CHEN, Y., ET AL. (2014). Interpretation of Urinary Findings.
37) HARRIS, D., ET AL. (2013). Urine Testing in Primary Care.
38) KIM, J., ET AL. (2013). Microscope-Based Urinalysis.
39) RAMIREZ, A., ET AL. (2012). Diagnostic Value of Urinalysis.
40) GOMEZ, L., ET AL. (2012). Urinalysis in Resource-Limited Settings
 

Cite this article

Elemuwa, D. C. O. (2026). Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy as a Diagnostic Cornerstone in Clinical Medicine: A One Health and Global South Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH & MEDICAL RESEARCH, 5(5), 384-388. https://doi.org/10.58806/ijhmr.2026.v5i5n07